Reverse a String

Hey there, welcome to the challenges portion of the AlgoDaily technical interview course! Over the next few days, you'll get some hands-on experience with the essential data structures and algorithms that will help you nail your interview, and land your dream software engineering job.

The only way to get better at solving these problems is to power through a few.

We covered the best ways to prepare in this lesson, in this one, and here. Be sure to visit those if you need some more guidance. Otherwise, let's jump into it.

Reverse a String

Let's reverse a string!

We'll usually start with a simple prompt, as you would in a regular technical interview. Like most, this one will be intentionally open-ended.

Prompt

Can you write a function that reverses an inputted string without using the built-in Array#reverse method?

Let's look at some examples. So, calling:

reverseString("jake") should return "ekaj".

reverseString("reverseastring") should return "gnirtsaesrever".

Constraints

• Do not use the built-in #reverse() method or [::-1] if Python
• Ideal solution would run in O(n) time complexity and O(1) space complexity

```python
def reverse_string(str1):
  # fill this in
  return str1
```

In Java, C#, JavaScript, Python and Go, strings are immutable. This means the string object's state can't be changed after creation.

On Interviewer Mindset

Today on AlgoDaily, we're going to reverse a string. Reversing a string is one of the most common technical interview questions that candidates get. Interviewers love it because it's deceptively simple. After all, as a software engineer, you'd probably call the #reverse method on your favorite String class and call it a day!

So don't overlook this one-- it appears a surprising amount as a warm-up or build-up question. Many interviewers will take the approach of using an easy question like this one, and actually judge much more harshly. You'll want to make you sure really nail this.

How We'll Begin Solving

We want the string reversed, which means that we end up with all our letters positioned backwards. If you need a quick review of strings, check out our lesson on arrays and strings.

We know that strings can be thought of as character arrays-- that is, each element in the array is a single character. And if we can assume that, then we know the location (array position) of each character, as well as the index when the array ends.

There's a caveat to thinking of strings as character arrays-- it's not always true. As readers and viewers have pointed out, a string represents text formed from graphemes (the smallest functional unit of a writing system)-- formed by combining character sequences in unicode.

Though strings and arrays contain similar methods like length, concat, and character position access-- they are not identical. As an example, arrays are mutable and strings usually are not. Before we can operate on the string as an array, we'll need to separate the units (in JS by calling the .split() method, or bypass this property by generating a brand new string instead of trying to operate on the original.

However, after the split operation, we can apply that paradigm to operating on this string. Thus we can step through each of its indices. Stepping through the beginning of the string, we'll make these observations at each point:

const str = "JAKE";
// position 0 - "J"
// position 1 - "A"
// ...

str = "JAKE"
# position 0 - "J"
# position 1 - "A"
# ...

String str = "JAKE";
// position 0 - "J"
// position 1 - "A"
// ...

Since a reversed string is just itself backwards, a brute force solution could be to use the indices, and iterate from the back to the front.

See the code attached and try to run it using Run Sample Code. You'll see that we log out each character from the back of the string!

```javascript
function reverseString(str) {
  let newString = '';
	
	// start from end
  for (let i = str.length-1; i >= 0; i--) {
    console.log('Processing ', newString, str[i]);
		// append it to the string builder
    newString = newString + str[i];
  }

	// return the string
  return newString;
}

console.log(reverseString('test'));
```
```py
def reverse_str(s):
    new_str = ""

    i = len(s)
    while i > 0: 
        new_str += s[ i - 1 ]
        i = i - 1
    
    return new_str

print(reverse_str("jake"))
```

We want to console.log out:

5
4
3
2
1

What's the missing line here?

var arr =  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

for (var i = ___________; i >= 0; i--) {
    console.log(arr[i]);
}

Can We Do Better Than Brute Force?

However, it wouldn't really be an interesting algorithms question if there wasn't a better way. Let's see how we can optimize this, or make it run faster. When trying to make something more efficient, it helps to think of things to cut or reduce.

One thing to note is that we're going through the entire string-- do we truly need to iterate through every single letter?

Let's examine a worst case scenario. What if the string is a million characters long? That would be a million operations to work through! Can we improve it?

Yes, With More Pointers!

Well, we're only working with a single pointer right now. The iterator from our loop starts from the back, and appends each character to a new string, one by one. Having gone through The Two Pointer Technique, we may recognize that some dramatic improvements can be had by increasing the number of pointers we use.

By this I mean, we can cut the number of operations in half. How? What if we did some swapping instead? By using a while loop and two pointers-- one on the left and one on the right.

With this in mind-- the big reveal is that, at each iteration, we can swap the letters at the pointer indices. After swapping, we would increment the left pointer while decrementing the right one. That could be hard to visualize, so let's see a basic example listed out.

jake    // starting string

eakj    // first pass
^  ^

ekaj    // second pass
 ^^

What's a good use case for the two pointers technique?

With two pointers, we've cut the number of operations in half. It's much faster now! However, similar to the brute force, the time complexity is still O(n).

Why Is This?

Well, if n is the length of the string, we'll end up making n/2 swaps. But remember, Big O Notation isn't about the raw number of operations required for an algorithm-- it's about how the number scales with the input.

So despite requiring half the number operations-- a 4-character string would require 2 swaps with the two-pointer method. But an 8-character string would require 4 swaps. The input doubled, and so did the number of operations.

If you haven't by now, try to do the problem before moving on.

One Pager Cheat Sheet

• Get your feet wet with hands-on experience of essential data structures and algorithms by completing the reverseString challenge as a way to power through the AlgoDaily technical interview course and set yourself up for success in landing your dream software engineering job.
• Strings are immutable, so transformation algorithms are necessary to create a new string object when performing operations like reversing a string, preserving the original string and its properties.
• Reverse a string is one of the most common interview questions for software engineers, and though it seems simple, a brute force solution can be done by iterating from the back to the front using string indices.
• We can use a for loop to console.log out each element of the array arr from the end to the start, decrementing the index position by 1 each time the loop is iterated, beginning with arr.length - 1.
• We can optimize the string reversal brute force approach by using the Two Pointer Technique with a while loop and swapping letters at each iteration, reducing the number of operations required by half.
• The two pointers technique can be used to reduce the complexity of a nested for-loop from O(n^2) to O(n), significantly improving the efficiency of a solution.
• The time complexity of reversing a string using two pointers is still O(n), as the number of swaps increases in proportion to the input size.