This lesson is intended for web and frontend engineers. For the general purpose version of this lesson, please click here.

During any real-life work, we need to store a piece of information somewhere and refer to it later. We encounter these situations while creating a program and doing computation as well, where we often need to store some information or data temporarily somewhere. For this specific purpose, variables are used. These variables can store almost any type of data, whether they are numbers, strings, or lists. Data is stored in variables by assigning data values to them. This lesson will expand on this topic and discuss in detail variables and their assignment.

Variables

As discussed above, variables can store and manipulate data. Data values can be assigned to a variable by using the assignment operator which is the equal sign (=). Once a value is assigned to the variable, it corresponds to that value unless it is reassigned. Suppose we assign a value 5 to a variable a. This concept can be visualized as below.

This ensures that whenever we use the variable a in our program, we will get a value of 5. Let's understand this with code examples in JavaScript.

Variables in JavaScript

Variables in JavaScript are commonly declared by using a var keyword, followed by a variable name, assignment operator (equals sign =), and a corresponding value. For example, a variable of type int is declared as follows.

1var number = 10;

Since this code line was a statement, it will produce no output. It only created the variable number in memory and assigned it the value 10. To check if the value was stored in the variable number, we use console.log(), which displays the variable value on the console.

1var number = 10;
2console.log(number);

This will display the value 10, and we can see that the value was correctly assigned.

Note! We can declare variables in JavaScript without using the var keyword before the variable name as well. However, in that case, the variable, regardless of where you define it, will become a global variable.

Interesting! Let's explore further.

A global variable means that they can be accessed anywhere in the program-- that is, they can also be modified anywhere in the program (inside functions and classes, which we'll learn about in the next lessons). This may lead to a change in the value of the variable in places where you don't want to change it. Hence, to ensure that this does not happen, JavaScript provides additional keywords to declare variables. Since var keyword is more prone to errors, there are two other keywords let and const that can also be used for variable declaration.

Const and Let

The problem with just using var is that this is valid:

1var firstTime = "something original";
2var firstTime = "overwriting the original";

This example is easy to understand, but imagine a huge codebase with several thousand line files. If firstTime is declared on line 1, and then redeclared on line 1800, it can be easy to miss.

let and const are block-scoped. A block is simply a chunk of code wrapped by curly braces { and }. This means that any variables declared using either let or const are only available for use within the { and } symbols.

1if (true) {
2  let onlyHere = "this is only available here";
3}
4console.log(onlyHere); // Uncaught ReferenceError: onlyHere is not defined

Important Rules while Creating Variables

Programming languages understand instructions only if they are given in a specified format (or syntax). When creating variables, we need to be careful of these rules, or the variables will not be created properly, and the program may give errors.

• Variable names can be created using alphabetical letters (a-z and A-Z), digits (0-9), or underscore symbol (_). Special symbols are not allowed. For example, abc&def is an invalid variable name.
• Variable names can begin with the underscore symbol or alphabetical letters only, not digits. For example, 123abc is an invalid variable name and will give you an error.
• Variables in JavaScript are case-sensitive. This means that if we declare two variables score and Score with different values assigned to them, then they are two different variables (not the same variable!).
• Every programming language has certain keywords, that define in-built functionality in the language. These should not be used as variable names. Since it has a different meaning in the language, declaring variables with already existing keyword names will cause an error. These keywords will be highlighted with a different color whenever you type them, so it is easy for you to distinguish. For example, new is a keyword in JavaScript, hence declaring a variable with that name would raise an error.
• Be careful about the assignment of values to variables! JavaScript allows creating variables without assigning them values. However, if that same variable is used somewhere in the program without being assigned a value, it may lead to undefined behavior.

Now that we know how to create variables, let's see if we understood them properly.

Reassigning variables

Values can be reassigned to variables in JavaScript (except const variables, which we will discuss later). When variables are reassigned, their value changes to that of the newer value specified, and the previous value is lost.

Let's look at an example.

Variables can be reassigned in JavaScript by assigning a new value to the variable without using the var keyword.

1var a = 10;
2a = 34;

Initially, when creating the variable we used the var keyword, but when reassigning there is no need to use the keyword again. We only provide a different value than what was stored before. The value of a is reassigned from 10 to 34.

Operations on Variables

Using variables in the program makes it easy for us to perform various operations on data. Different types of variables support different types of operations. For simplicity, let's consider the type integer. On this type of variable, all mathematical operations are valid.

Let's consider a code example.

1var a = 5;
2var b = 10;
3var result = a + b;
4console.log(result);
5// prints 15 in console

This code block shows that if we have two integer variables, we can add them and get the result. Similarly, other mathematical operations such as subtraction, multiplication, and division are also supported.

Now let's consider if we had a variable of type string. In this case, the operations are defined differently. Here, a + symbol between two variables will join the two strings together. Consider the following example.

1var prefix = 'un';
2var root = 'clear';
3var word = prefix + root;
4console.log(word);
5// prints the string 'unclear' on console

Here, the two strings are joined together to produce a new string. This operation is called concatenation. There are several other operations that we can perform on strings, integers, and other types of variables, but we will discuss them in later lessons.

Time for some practice questions!

Summary

In this lesson, we talked about a basic concept in programming, about the creation of variables and assigning values to them. A useful tip for creating variables is to use meaningful names while creating them. If you have a lot of variables in your program and you don't name them properly, there is a high chance that you'll get confused about which variables were supposed to store what value!

One Pager Cheat Sheet

• This lesson explains how to use variables and their assignment to store data in a programming language.
• A variable a can be assigned a data value using the assignment operator equal sign (=), and for the duration of the program, it will correspond to that value unless reassigned.
• Variables in JavaScript can be declared with the var keyword, and stored in memory with a value which can be displayed with console.log(). Additionally, let and const are also used to declare variables in order to avoid global variable modification.
• Using let and const instead of var is a good way to prevent confusing variables in larger codebases because they are block-scoped and can only be used within specific { and } symbols.
• Carefully following rules such as variable names only containing alphabetical letters, digits or underscore symbols, being aware of case-sensitivity and not using language-specific keywords will help to create variables correctly and avoid errors.
• No, this code snippet is not valid for declaring a variable in JavaScript, as the syntax var <variable name> (for example, var myVariable) is not followed.
• No valid JavaScript variable name can contain characters, so var words: "Hello World!" is invalid, whereas _name is valid.
• Variables can be reassigned in JavaScript by assigning a new value without using var, resulting in the change of their value.
• Different types of variables can be used to perform different kinds of operations, such as mathematical operations for numbers and concatenation for strings.
• The value of a has been changed from "Hello" to "World".
• The code concatenates the strings stored in firstName and lastName in to a new variable name, which is then console.logged to output AnnaGreen.
• Creating variables with meaningful names is an important step in the programming process to avoid confusion of which variables is used to store what value.