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When designing for system performance, there are several techniques that can be employed:

1. Caching: Caching involves storing frequently accessed data in memory to reduce the need for expensive database or network operations. By caching data that is likely to be requested again, system performance can be significantly improved. For example, in a web application, caching static assets like images or CSS files can greatly reduce load times.

2. Indexing: Indexing is a technique used in databases to speed up data retrieval. By creating indexes on specific columns or fields, database queries can be executed more efficiently, resulting in faster response times. For example, in a database table of user records, indexing the 'email' column can accelerate searches for a specific user.

3. Asynchronous Processing: Asynchronous processing allows multiple tasks to be executed concurrently, improving system performance and responsiveness. By offloading time-consuming or non-essential tasks to background threads or services, the main thread can continue executing other operations, leading to better overall throughput. For example, in a web application, handling file uploads asynchronously can prevent the application from becoming unresponsive.

4. Monitoring: Monitoring is essential for identifying performance bottlenecks and optimizing system performance. By collecting and analyzing metrics such as response times, CPU and memory usage, and network traffic, developers can gain insights into areas that can be optimized. Monitoring tools and techniques like logging, profiling, and performance testing can help in identifying and resolving performance issues.

To achieve optimal system performance, it is important to employ these techniques and continually monitor and optimize the system.

Let's understand system performance by completing the sentence below:

System performance optimization relies on employing techniques such as ___, ___, ___, and ___.